Опубликован: 12.07.2013 | Доступ: свободный | Студентов: 985 / 36 | Длительность: 37:41:00
Специальности: Разработчик интернет-проектов
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Лекция 10:
Tic Tac Toe
Аннотация: We will now create a Tic Tac Toe game where the player plays against a simple artificial intelligence.
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Topics Covered In This Chapter:
We will now create a Tic Tac Toe game where the player plays against a simple artificial intelligence. An artificial intelligence (or AI) is a computer program that can intelligently respond to the player's moves. This game doesn't introduce any complicated new concepts. We will see that the artificial intelligence that plays Tic Tac Toe is really just a few lines of code.
Tic Tac Toe is a simple game to play with a paper and pencil between two people. One player is X and the other player is O. On a simple nine square grid (which we call the board), the players take turns placing their X or O o)n the board. If a player gets three of their marks on the board in a row, column or one of the two diagonals, they win.
Most games of Tic Tac Toe end in a draw which happens when the board is filled up with neither player having three marks in a row. Instead of second player, our artificial intelligence will make moves against the user. You can learn more about Tic Tac Toe from Wikipedia: http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tic-tac-toe
While this chapter may not introduce many new programming concepts, it does make use of our existing programming knowledge to make an intelligent Tic Tac Toe player. Let's get started by looking at a sample run of the program.
Sample Run of Tic Tac Toe
Welcome to Tic Tac Toe! Do you want to be X or O?
X
The computer will go first. | | O | | | | ----------- | | | | | | ----------- | | | | | | What is your next move? (1-9)
3
| | O | | | | ----------- | | | | | | ----------- | | O | | X | | What is your next move? (1-9)
4
| | O | | O | | ----------- | | X | | | | ----------- | | O | | X | | What is your next move? (1-9)
5
| | O | O | O | | ----------- | | X | X | | | ----------- | | O | | X | | The computer has beaten you! You lose. Do you want to play again? (yes or no)
no
Source Code of Tic Tac Toe
In a new file editor window, type in this source code and save it as tictactoe.py. Then run the game by pressing F5. You do not need to type in this program before reading this chapter. You can also download the source code by visiting the website at the URL http://inventwithpython.com/chapter10 and following the instructions on the webpage.
tictactoe.py
This code can be downloaded from http://inventwithpython.com/t.ict.act.oe.py
If you get errors after typing this code in, compare it to the book's code with the online
diff tool at http://inventwithpython.com/diff or email the author at
1. # Tic Tac Toe
2.
3. import random
4.
5. def drawBoard(board):
6. # This function prints out the board that it was passed.
7.
8. # "board" is a list of 10 strings representing the board (ignore index 0)
9. print(' | |')
10. print(' ' + board[7] + ' | ' + board[8] + ' | ' + board[9])
11. print(' | |')
12. print ( '-----------')
13. print ( ' | | ' )
14. print(' ' + board[4] + ' | ' + board [5] + ' | ' + board[6])
15. print(' | |')
16. print ( '-----------')
17. print(' | | ' )
18. print(' ' + board[1] + ' | ' + board[2] + ' | ' + board[3])
19. print(' | |')
20.
21. def inputPlayerLetter():
22. # Let's the player type which letter they want to be.
23. # Returns a list with the player's letter as the first item, and the computer's letter as the second.
24. letter = ' '
25. while not (letter == 'X' or letter == 'O') :
26. print('Do you want to be X or O?')
27. letter = input().upper()
28.
29. # the first element in the tuple is the player's letter, the second is the computer's letter.
30. if letter == 'X':
31. return ['X', 'O']
32. else:
33. return ['O', 'X']
34.
35. def whoGoesFirst():
36. # Randomly choose the player who goes first.
37. if random.randint(0, 1) == 0:
38. return 'computer'
39. else:
40. return 'player'
41.
42. def playAgain():
43. # This function returns True if the player wants to play again, otherwise it returns False.
44. print('Do you want to play again? (yes or no)')
45. return input().lower().startswith('y')
46.
47. def makeMove(board, letter, move):
48. board[move] = letter
49.
50. def isWinner(bo, le):
51. # Given a board and a player's letter, this function returns True if that player has won.
52. # We use bo instead of board and le instead of letter so we don't have to type as much.
53. return ((bo[7] == le and bo[8] == le and bo[9] == le) or # across the top
54. (bo[4] == le and bo[5] == le and bo[6] == le) or # across the middle
55. (bo[1] == le and bo[2] == le and bo[3] == le) or # across the bottom
56. (bo[7] == le and bo[4] == le and bo[1] == le) or # down the left side
57. (bo[8] == le and bo[5] == le and bo[2] == le) or # down the middle
58. (bo[9] == le and bo[6] == le and bo[3] == le) or # down the right side
59. (bo[7] == le and bo[5] == le and bo[3] == le) or # diagonal
60. (bo[9] == le and bo[5] == le and bo[1] == le)) # diagonal
61.
62. def getBoardCopy(board):
63. # Make a duplicate of the board list and return it the duplicate.
64. dupeBoard = []
65.
66. for i in board:
67. dupeBoard.append(i)
68.
69. return dupeBoard
70.
71. def isSpaceFree(board, move):
72. # Return true if the passed move is free on the passed board.
73. return board[move] == ' '
74.
75. def getPlayerMove(board):
76. # Let the player type in his move.
77. move = ' '
78. while move not in '1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9'.split() or not isSpaceFree(board, int(move)):
79. print('What is your next move? (1-9)')
80. move = input()
81. return int(move)
82.
83. def chooseRandomMoveFromList(board, movesList):
84. # Returns a valid move from the passed list on the passed board.
85. # Returns None if there is no valid move.
86. possibleMoves = []
87. for i in movesList:
88. if isSpaceFree(board, i):
89. possibleMoves.append(i)
90.
91. if len(possibleMoves) != 0:
92. return random.choice(possibleMoves)
93. else:
94. return None
95.
96. def getComputerMove(board, computerLetter):
97. # Given a board and the computer's letter, determine where to move and return that move.
98. if computerLetter == 'X':
99. playerLetter = 'O'
100. else:
101. playerLetter = 'X'
102.
103. # Here is our algorithm for our Tic Tac Toe AI:
104. # First, check if we can win in the next move
105. for i in range(1, 10):
106. copy = getBoardCopy(board)
107. if isSpaceFree(copy, i):
108. makeMove(copy, computerLetter, i)
109. if isWinner(copy, computerLetter):
110. return i
111.
112. # Check if the player could win on his next move, and block them.
113. for i in range(1, 10):
114. copy = getBoardCopy(board)
115. if isSpaceFree(copy, i):
116. makeMove(copy, playerLetter, i)
117. if isWinner(copy, playerLetter):
118. return i
119.
120. # Try to take one of the corners, if they are free.
121. move = chooseRandomMoveFromList(board, [1, 3, 7, 9])
122. if move != None:
123. return move
124.
125. # Try to take the center, if it is free.
126. if isSpaceFree(board, 5):
127. return 5
128.
129. # Move on one of the sides.
130. return chooseRandomMoveFromList(board, [2, 4, 6, 8])
131.
132. def isBoardFull(board):
133. # Return True if every space on the board has been taken. Otherwise return False.
134. for i in range(1, 10):
135. if isSpaceFree(board, i):
136. return False
137. return True 138.
139.
140. print('Welcome to Tic Tac Toe!')
141.
142. while True:
143. # Reset the board
144. theBoard = [' '] * 10
145. playerLetter, computerLetter = inputPlayerLetter()
146. turn = whoGoesFirst()
147. print('The ' + turn + ' will go first.')
148. gameIsPlaying = True
149.
150. while gameIsPlaying:
151. if turn == 'player':
152. # Player's turn.
153. drawBoard(theBoard)
154. move = getPlayerMove(theBoard)
155. makeMove(theBoard, playerLetter, move)
156.
157. if isWinner(theBoard, playerLetter):
158. drawBoard(theBoard)
159. print('Hooray! You have won the game!')
160. gameIsPlaying = False
161. else:
162. if isBoardFull(theBoard):
163. drawBoard(theBoard)
164. print('The game is a tie!')
165. break
166. else:
167. turn = 'computer'
168.
169. else:
170. # Computer's turn.
171. move = getComputerMove(theBoard, computerLetter)
172. makeMove(theBoard, computerLetter, move)
173.
174. if isWinner(theBoard, computerLetter):
175. drawBoard(theBoard)
176. print('The computer has beaten you! You lose.')
177. gameIsPlaying = False
178. else:
179. if isBoardFull(theBoard):
180. drawBoard(theBoard)
181. print('The game is a tie!')
182. break
183. else:
184. turn = 'player'
185.
186. if not playAgain() :
187. break