Internet and its problems

1. Vocabulary

ADSL(Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line) - асимметричная цифровая абонентская линия — модемная технология, в которой доступная полоса пропускания канала распределена между исходящим и входящим трафиком асимметрично

Broadband - широкополосная передача

Chat - беседа в Интернете

To communicate - передавать информацию, общаться

Data transmissionrate - скорость передачи информации

To dialup - набирать номер

Email - электронная почта

External - внешний

File Transfer Protocol (FTP) - протокол передачи файлов

Instant messaging - способ мгновенного обмена сообщениями

Internal - внутрений

ISP (Internet Service Provider) - организация, предоставляющая доступ в интернет конечным пользователям - организациям и частным лицам.

Mailing list - список рассылки

Modem - модем

Newsgroup - форум

PC card - периферийное устройство для компьютера

Power-line Internet - скоростной интернет, использующий высоковольтные линии

To share - обмениваться

Satellite - спутник

TCP/IP - набор сетевых протоколов разных уровней модели сетевого взаимодействия

telnet - cетевой протокол для реализации текстового интерфейса по сети (в современной форме — при помощи транспорта TCP)

to transfer - перемещать, пересылать, передавать

versatile - многосторонний, многогранный, разносторонний

2. Translate from Russian into English

3.1. Read the text

The Internet is under attack

www.computerworld.com

At a ceremony at the Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) headquarters in Miami, the last remaining Internet Protocol v4 (IPv4) addresses were handed out to the Regional Internet Registries. The registries are to pass them onto organisations worldwide.

This isn't as desperate as it might sound. Right now we should all be switching to Internet Protocol v6, where addresses are more than plentiful. Created way back in 1996, IPv6 allows for such a huge number of addresses that it's difficult to write them down. In total there are 340,282,366,920,938,000,000,000,000,000,000,000,000 (or 340 undecillion).

However, IPv6 just hasn't gotten its act together. Despite so many addresses, only the tiniest fraction is in use right now. Why? Because switching from IPv4 to IPv6 is far from seamless. Businesses and homes will have to upgrade the firmware in their routers, at the very least and might need new hardware. It's the same elsewhere on the Internet; all the interconnecting yet invisible devices will need to be upgraded or replaced. The thing is that we can't simply turn off the Internet for a few hours to make the change. Operating systems such as Windows and Mac OS X have been IPv6-ready for years but because nobody's actually using it, it's not clear how well they'll work.

However, there's another solution to the shortage of addresses, such as Carrier Grade Network Address Translation that Comcast is currently trialling. Other Internet service providers (ISPs) might follow, and it's something we should watch closely because our very Internet freedom is threatened by it. Carrier Grade Network Address Translation (NAT) allows ISPs to share one Internet address among many users. An entire neighborhood could share a single address, for example. Low-level Internet users who do little more than browse the web or check email won't know any difference after being switched to Carrier Grade NAT. However, anybody who uses virtual private networking (VPN), who videoconferences site-to-site, or who uses file sharing software will hit a brick wall. Such technologies simply can't operate if Carrier Grade NAT is in use, because they rely on users having full IP addresses.

None of the ISPs want Carrier Grade NAT, or so they say, but the last entry in the above list might give them pause for thought: file sharing. Carrier Grade NAT lets ISPs switch off file sharing under the banner of making a necessary technological fix. Suddenly, ISPs would no longer be a part of the controversial file sharing debate. They wouldn't have to waste money and time responding to requests from copyright holders to identify file sharers. There'd be no more government pressure.

Sure, business users who want to videoconference or VPN into their workplace will complain at not having "proper" Internet connections, but they can always upgrade to a more expensive "business" package, whereby they get their own IP address.

Alongside IP address exhaustion, another warning sign of the times is the proposed expansion of general top-level domains (gTLDs). Top level domains are the endings of web addresses, such as .com and .org, as well as country-level domains, such as .uk for the United Kingdom, and .de for Germany. At the moment everybody in the world either has (or wants) a .com address, even though this rarely makes much sense. In fact, there should be top level domains (TLDs) for every profession, type of business, product and so on.

The whole world relying on grabbing .com addresses is insane. There are other TLDs, of course, such as .net, but .com has a stranglehold over the public's imagination. However, this is set to change. The Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers (ICANN) has finally finished debating a massive expansion of the TLD space, and will soon be inviting applications for new TLDs. However, the US government isn't entirely happy about this. It wants governments to be able to veto new TLDs on grounds of taste or decency or, in fact, whatever reasons they dream up at the time.

The problem is this: what one person in one country finds offensive, somebody in another country might consider healthy. There's a strong chance countries that take offence would simply ban the controversial domain, and thereby break the Internet's democratic approach. The Internet could become fragmented, with access to domains governed entirely by the sensibilities of the party in power in a country at any given particular time.

It's at times of change that organisations and systems are at their weakest, and it certainly feels as if the Internet is both weakened and under attack at the moment. The Internet we will use in just a few years' time might look and operate radically differently compared to what we use today.

3.2. Comprehension tasks

Using the information in the article, complete these statements

4. Discussion